精准地道地表达观点——Introductory Words

如果在论文中你已经彻底厌倦了某人said, said, said，那我们可以考虑一下其他阐述观点的表达方式。但这并不意味着人名和动词的随机排列组合，语境和语气态度在这里非常重要。下面是一些在英国大学中广泛认可的表达方式以及适用语境，参考一下可以有效地避免过度重复以及语言不准确不地道的问题。

Ways of Presenting Ideas and Arguments

	引入类型 Types of writing	适用表述 Ways you might present this in your essay
1	当作者对自己所陈述的内容非常肯定，坚定不移时 When the writer is very committed, even passionate, about the ideas he/she writes	X asserts that… X strongly argues that… X firmly believes that… X is committed to the idea that…
2	当作者引述极为具体细致的论据来论证其观点时 When the writer presents detailed evidence in support of his/her ideas	The work of X shows that… X concludes that… X found that… X discovered that… X learned that…
3	当作者本身对其所引述或陈述的观点持谨慎保留的态度时 When the writer is quite cautious and restrained about the ideas he/she puts forward	Research by X indicates that… X suggests that…
4	当作者仅凭个人经验表达观点时 When the writer puts forward ideas based on their personal experiences only	The work of X indicates that… X believes that… X feels that…
5	当作者引述在读者看来值得质疑的观点时 When the writer puts forward ideas you are rather suspicious or skeptical about	X claims that… X believes that… According to X…
6	当作者非常直率地陈述观点，并辅以相当显而易见且理由充分的论据支持时 When the writer appears to report something in a straight-forward way, backed up with apparently good reasons for the ideas presented	X states that… X reports that… X notes that… X found that… X observes that… X concludes that… As X points out, … X has drawn attention to the fact that… X argues that…

非常感谢Colin Neville教授，资料版权归Colin教授所有。

Special thanks go to Professor Colin Neville, copyright reserved.